The Hard Problem

Here is a review by Kit Wilson -- actually more than a review, a summary -- of Michael Pollan's new book A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness.  I definitely recommend that you read it. I'm not going to try to summarize the summary.

 

But I will take the occasion to out myself. As much as I'm a committed skeptic, rationalist, and scientist, I have never been satisfied with claims that the phenomenon of consciousness -- our experience, our awareness of self and the world, our feelings and desires -- can be reduced to the observable and measurable processes of neurology. We do not understand where the universe comes from, why it is what it is, or most of how it works. We know a lot more than we did 100 or 200 years ago, but that has just proved to us how much more we don't know.

 

I have difficulty finding the words to explain what I believe -- that is if I actually believe anything about this. What I do believe is that it's a mystery that the methods, logic, rules of evidence that we regard as the scientific enterprise cannot solve. There is another level of reality, a property of the universe that can only be investigated and understood, if at all, by other means. 

 

No, we don't get to fill in the blank with God or any other sort of mystical belief. What I am saying is that we don't know, but there has to be more to it than physicists or cosmologists can discover with the methods currently available to them. Maybe I have some ideas but I'll leave it at that for now.

Sunday Sermonette: Is there an echo in here?

The lack of an editor is really showing here. When Peter returns to Jerusalem, the Jews for Jesus complain about him evangelizing among the gentiles, so Peter just repeats the whole story, with some elisions,  from the previous chapter. The author (ostensibly named Luke), obviously could have just said "Peter told them about this vision and the story of Cornelius, and they were satisfied." Actually the trick I would have used if I were writing this novel is to do it the other way around. 

 

"The Jews for Jesus heard that Peter was evangelizing among the gentiles, so when he returned to Judea they complained about. So Peter told them . . . ," and the entire story comes in once, placed in Peter's mouth. But this writer is a very poor literary technician.

 

Antioch, FYI, was the capital of the Seleucid empire, until the Romans conquered it in 63 BC. So at the time this ostensibly happened, it was the capital of Roman Syria. (It is located in what is today Turkey, just over the border from Syria.) So it was one of the most important cities in the Roman empire. The culture was Hellenistic, the language was Koine Greek, and in case you didn't know it, that's the language all of this was written in. The Jews at that time spoke Aramaic, so this is not a Jewish document at all. The Christian church was founded in the roman city of Antioch, by Greek speaking pagans. Just so we're clear.

 

11 The apostles and the believers throughout Judea heard that the Gentiles also had received the word of God. ² So when Peter went up to Jerusalem, the circumcised believers criticized him ³ and said, “You went into the house of uncircumcised men and ate with them.”

⁴ Starting from the beginning, Peter told them the whole story: ⁵ “I was in the city of Joppa praying, and in a trance I saw a vision. I saw something like a large sheet being let down from heaven by its four corners, and it came down to where I was. ⁶ I looked into it and saw four-footed animals of the earth, wild beasts, reptiles and birds. ⁷ Then I heard a voice telling me, ‘Get up, Peter. Kill and eat.’

⁸ “I replied, ‘Surely not, Lord! Nothing impure or unclean has ever entered my mouth.’

⁹ “The voice spoke from heaven a second time, ‘Do not call anything impure that God has made clean.’ ¹⁰ This happened three times, and then it was all pulled up to heaven again.

¹¹ “Right then three men who had been sent to me from Caesarea stopped at the house where I was staying. ¹² The Spirit told me to have no hesitation about going with them. These six brothers also went with me, and we entered the man’s house. ¹³ He told us how he had seen an angel appear in his house and say, ‘Send to Joppa for Simon who is called Peter. ¹⁴ He will bring you a message through which you and all your household will be saved.’

¹⁵ “As I began to speak, the Holy Spirit came on them as he had come on us at the beginning. ¹⁶ Then I remembered what the Lord had said: ‘John baptized with^[a] water, but you will be baptized with^[b] the Holy Spirit.’ ¹⁷ So if God gave them the same gift he gave us who believed in the Lord Jesus Christ, who was I to think that I could stand in God’s way?”

¹⁸ When they heard this, they had no further objections and praised God, saying, “So then, even to Gentiles God has granted repentance that leads to life.”

The Church in Antioch

¹⁹ Now those who had been scattered by the persecution that broke out when Stephen was killed traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus and Antioch, spreading the word only among Jews. ²⁰ Some of them, however, men from Cyprus and Cyrene, went to Antioch and began to speak to Greeks also, telling them the good news about the Lord Jesus. ²¹ The Lord’s hand was with them, and a great number of people believed and turned to the Lord.

²² News of this reached the church in Jerusalem, and they sent Barnabas to Antioch. ²³ When he arrived and saw what the grace of God had done, he was glad and encouraged them all to remain true to the Lord with all their hearts. ²⁴ He was a good man, full of the Holy Spirit and faith, and a great number of people were brought to the Lord.

²⁵ Then Barnabas went to Tarsus to look for Saul, ²⁶ and when he found him, he brought him to Antioch. So for a whole year Barnabas and Saul met with the church and taught great numbers of people. The disciples were called Christians first at Antioch.

²⁷ During this time some prophets came down from Jerusalem to Antioch. ²⁸ One of them, named Agabus, stood up and through the Spirit predicted that a severe famine would spread over the entire Roman world. (This happened during the reign of Claudius.) ²⁹ The disciples, as each one was able, decided to provide help for the brothers and sisters living in Judea. ³⁰ This they did, sending their gift to the elders by Barnabas and Saul.

Footnotes

1. Acts 11:16 Or in
2. Acts 11:16 Or in

 

Back to the 19th Century

As you likely know, Louis Pasteur developed the eponymous method of sterilizing milk in the 19th Century  -- he patented it in 1865 to be exact. It was a long time, however, before pasteurization came into common use. 

Two of the leading causes of death in 1900, gastrointestinal infections and tuberculosis, were major killers of children, and a major underlying cause of these deaths was cow’s milk. The U.S. population originally was predominantly rural, but by 1900 most people in the northeast lived in cities, and by 1910 the same was true in the west and Midwest. Cow’s milk had to come into cities like New York from farms tens of miles away, at a time when there was no refrigeration. The milk was often contaminated with pathogens that killed the children who drank it. 

Even 25 years after Pasteur's patent, milk was not normally pasteurized. Then a German immigrant in New York City, a wealthy merchant named Nathan Strauss, learned about pasteurization. In 1892 he used his own money to establish a pasteurization plant in Manhattan’s East Village, and in 1893 he established “milk depots” in low income neighborhoods to sell pasteurized milk below cost. He also established a second plant to provide pasteurized milk to an orphanage on Randall’s Island, where the mortality rate was something like 15% a year. The death rate immediately dropped substantially.

Strauss’s efforts attracted the attention of scientists and physicians, and incited a campaign to outlaw the sale of unpasteurized milk. This came to the attention of president Theodore Roosevelt, who in 1907 appointed a commission to study the matter. The report came back the following year with the conclusion that pasteurization would save many lives.

As you will perhaps not be surprised, given the public reaction to public health mandates more recently, the campaign to mandate pasteurization provoked a furious backlash, including from most milk producers. Why they thought it was good business to kill their customers I cannot say. Many in the general public also opposed the ban on raw milk, claiming that pasteurization negatively affected nutrition and taste. (It doesn’t.) Nevertheless Chicago did ban the sale of raw milk in 1909. New York got around to it after a typhoid epidemic in 1913. Nearly all major cities followed suit in the next few years, and the infant and child mortality rate plummeted.

That, along with safe drinking water (another story, with a similar outline), and vaccination, are the most important reasons for the enormous increase in life expectancy in the 20th Century. Children used to die routinely, and now they don't. Or at least, they haven't been up until now, but Robert Kennedy Jr. is trying to change that. Not only does he oppose vaccination, he has advocated for unpasteurized milk. Too bad for all those people in Idaho who have gotten sick from it. As the linked story tells us, "Symptoms of infections from bacteria that can be in raw milk include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and dehydration. Complications can be severe, especially in people at higher risk such as young children, pregnant women, the elderly and people with compromised immune systems." 

 

Every senator who voted to confirm that homicidal maniac is an accessory. 

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Wednesday Bible Study: Making a short story long

Acts 10 is an elaborate story with a lot of irrelevant detail likely entirely fictional, obviously, but it was written to make a single point: that Christianity is a universal religion, not just a sect of Judaism, and it will now be preached to non-Jews and throughout the known world. This has been a gradual development, beginning with outreach to the Samaritans, then the Ethiopian eunuch, and now it's stated decisively and explicitly. That's about all I have to say about this.

 

10 At Caesarea there was a man named Cornelius, a centurion in what was known as the Italian Regiment. ² He and all his family were devout and God-fearing; he gave generously to those in need and prayed to God regularly. ³ One day at about three in the afternoon he had a vision. He distinctly saw an angel of God, who came to him and said, “Cornelius!”

⁴ Cornelius stared at him in fear. “What is it, Lord?” he asked.

The angel answered, “Your prayers and gifts to the poor have come up as a memorial offering before God. ⁵ Now send men to Joppa to bring back a man named Simon who is called Peter. ⁶ He is staying with Simon the tanner, whose house is by the sea.”

⁷ When the angel who spoke to him had gone, Cornelius called two of his servants and a devout soldier who was one of his attendants. ⁸ He told them everything that had happened and sent them to Joppa.

Peter’s Vision

⁹ About noon the following day as they were on their journey and approaching the city, Peter went up on the roof to pray. ¹⁰ He became hungry and wanted something to eat, and while the meal was being prepared, he fell into a trance. ¹¹ He saw heaven opened and something like a large sheet being let down to earth by its four corners. ¹² It contained all kinds of four-footed animals, as well as reptiles and birds. ¹³ Then a voice told him, “Get up, Peter. Kill and eat.”

¹⁴ “Surely not, Lord!” Peter replied. “I have never eaten anything impure or unclean.”

¹⁵ The voice spoke to him a second time, “Do not call anything impure that God has made clean.”

¹⁶ This happened three times, and immediately the sheet was taken back to heaven.

¹⁷ While Peter was wondering about the meaning of the vision, the men sent by Cornelius found out where Simon’s house was and stopped at the gate. ¹⁸ They called out, asking if Simon who was known as Peter was staying there.

¹⁹ While Peter was still thinking about the vision, the Spirit said to him, “Simon, three^[a] men are looking for you. ²⁰ So get up and go downstairs. Do not hesitate to go with them, for I have sent them.”

²¹ Peter went down and said to the men, “I’m the one you’re looking for. Why have you come?”

²² The men replied, “We have come from Cornelius the centurion. He is a righteous and God-fearing man, who is respected by all the Jewish people. A holy angel told him to ask you to come to his house so that he could hear what you have to say.” ²³ Then Peter invited the men into the house to be his guests.

Peter at Cornelius’s House

The next day Peter started out with them, and some of the believers from Joppa went along. ²⁴ The following day he arrived in Caesarea. Cornelius was expecting them and had called together his relatives and close friends. ²⁵ As Peter entered the house, Cornelius met him and fell at his feet in reverence. ²⁶ But Peter made him get up. “Stand up,” he said, “I am only a man myself.”

²⁷ While talking with him, Peter went inside and found a large gathering of people. ²⁸ He said to them: “You are well aware that it is against our law for a Jew to associate with or visit a Gentile. But God has shown me that I should not call anyone impure or unclean. ²⁹ So when I was sent for, I came without raising any objection. May I ask why you sent for me?”

³⁰ Cornelius answered: “Three days ago I was in my house praying at this hour, at three in the afternoon. Suddenly a man in shining clothes stood before me ³¹ and said, ‘Cornelius, God has heard your prayer and remembered your gifts to the poor. ³² Send to Joppa for Simon who is called Peter. He is a guest in the home of Simon the tanner, who lives by the sea.’ ³³ So I sent for you immediately, and it was good of you to come. Now we are all here in the presence of God to listen to everything the Lord has commanded you to tell us.”

³⁴ Then Peter began to speak: “I now realize how true it is that God does not show favoritism ³⁵ but accepts from every nation the one who fears him and does what is right. ³⁶ You know the message God sent to the people of Israel, announcing the good news of peace through Jesus Christ, who is Lord of all. ³⁷ You know what has happened throughout the province of Judea, beginning in Galilee after the baptism that John preached— ³⁸ how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and power, and how he went around doing good and healing all who were under the power of the devil, because God was with him.

³⁹ “We are witnesses of everything he did in the country of the Jews and in Jerusalem. They killed him by hanging him on a cross, ⁴⁰ but God raised him from the dead on the third day and caused him to be seen. ⁴¹ He was not seen by all the people, but by witnesses whom God had already chosen—by us who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead. ⁴² He commanded us to preach to the people and to testify that he is the one whom God appointed as judge of the living and the dead. ⁴³ All the prophets testify about him that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.”

⁴⁴ While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit came on all who heard the message. ⁴⁵ The circumcised believers who had come with Peter were astonished that the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on Gentiles. ⁴⁶ For they heard them speaking in tongues^[b] and praising God.

Then Peter said, ⁴⁷ “Surely no one can stand in the way of their being baptized with water. They have received the Holy Spirit just as we have.” ⁴⁸ So he ordered that they be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked Peter to stay with them for a few days.

Footnotes

1. Acts 10:19 One early manuscript two; other manuscripts do not have the number.
2. Acts 10:46 Or other languages

 

The Death of Science

From Academy Health (the academic society for health services researchers) comes a very depressing post. We already know that the Dump administration has rescinded research grants to study health care and health risks for gay people, women, racial and ethnic minorities, and other subhumans. But now they're making it official that they will only fund science that conforms to their ideology:

 

The Office of Management and Budget published a sweeping proposed rule on May 29, 2026, that would fundamentally reshape how the federal government funds research, public health programs, and other evidence-based work. . . . The rule . . . places political appointees between scientists and the work they do on behalf of the public. It rewrites the terms under which federally funded research can operate, in ways that would undermine the independence, integrity, and practical functioning of the health services research enterprise. 

The most alarming provision establishes a new pre-issuance review process that requires senior political appointees, not scientific reviewers, to sign off on grants before they are awarded. The rule is explicit that these reviews must ensure proposals are consistent with "Federal agency priorities" and "the President's policy priorities." Peer review, which has governed the allocation of federal research funding for decades, is reduced to an advisory function. The rule states plainly that it "does not replace agency discretion." 

 

As you may know, Stalin required science to conform to Communist ideology. One result was that scientists were required to share the lunatic beliefs of Trofim Lysenko, who used his authority to discredit, fire and even imprison scientists who dissented. Lysenko rejected Mendelian genetics and the theory of evolution by mutation and natural selection, and instead claimed that acquired characteristics could be inherited. E.g., giraffes developed long necks by reaching for high branches, their offspring inherited the stretched necks, and stretched them even further, generation after generation. 

 

A consequence was that Soviet agronomists could not develop better strains of crops and livestock, because they could not use selective breeding, so Soviet agricultural yields were impaired until after Stalin's death. The lunatic RFK Jr. is already committing the mass murder of American children by  persuading their parents not to have them vaccinated, and as I say much biomedical and health services research has already been halted, but at least what research is being done in universities continues to be governed by peer review and sound scientific standards. That will no longer be the case.