The Gospel of Luke is actually the first half of a document that also includes the Acts of the Apostles. For some reason, in the standard order of the New Testament, the Gospel of John has been inserted between the volumes. Scholars think it was written around 90 CE, by which time the ministry of Paul had begun and Christian proselytizing was mainly directed at gentiles. By this time, of course, the temple had been destroyed and the Jewish population dispersed. Nevertheless the author seems to take a lot of interest in the Jewish politics of the time of Jesus, having more to say about John the Baptist than any of the other gospels, and adding the story of Zechariah. That's just my personal observation, I haven't seen any scholarly commentary on that issue. Mary's visit with Zechariah and Elizabeth -- unmentioned anywhere else -- confirms that this is important to the author, but I can scarcely imagine why.
This is considered a synoptic gospel in that it has considerable overlap with Matthew and Mark. Again, it isn't entirely clear whether the author lifted material from Mark, or from an earlier common source. And, as usual, although there are commonalities there are also many discrepancies. His source for Acts is unknown, but if he was alive during any of that he would have been a very young child. The address to Theophilus may be directed to a real individual, but Theophilus means "lover of God" so it might also just be a generic dedication to whoever reads it and believes. There are various early versions of the book and, as usual, they differ in some respects.
The first chapter is all about Jewish politics before Jesus appears. Again, it strikes me as odd that he is so interested in this history (real or fictitious), since it has no evident importance to the people he is writing for. We'll just have to let that be a mystery.
1 Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled[a] among us, 2 just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. 3 With this in mind, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, I too decided to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 4 so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.
The Birth of John the Baptist Foretold
5 In the time of Herod king of Judea there was a priest named Zechariah, who belonged to the priestly division of Abijah; his wife Elizabeth was also a descendant of Aaron. 6 Both of them were righteous in the sight of God, observing all the Lord’s commands and decrees blamelessly. 7 But they were childless because Elizabeth was not able to conceive, and they were both very old.
8 Once when Zechariah’s division was on duty and he was serving as priest before God, 9 he was chosen by lot, according to the custom of the priesthood, to go into the temple of the Lord and burn incense. 10 And when the time for the burning of incense came, all the assembled worshipers were praying outside.
11 Then an angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing at the right side of the altar of incense. 12 When Zechariah saw him, he was startled and was gripped with fear. 13 But the angel said to him: “Do not be afraid, Zechariah; your prayer has been heard. Your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you are to call him John. 14 He will be a joy and delight to you, and many will rejoice because of his birth, 15 for he will be great in the sight of the Lord. He is never to take wine or other fermented drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit even before he is born. 16 He will bring back many of the people of Israel to the Lord their God. 17 And he will go on before the Lord, in the spirit and power of Elijah, to turn the hearts of the parents to their children and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous—to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.”
18 Zechariah asked the angel, “How can I be sure of this? I am an old man and my wife is well along in years.”
19 The angel said to him, “I am Gabriel. I stand in the presence of God, and I have been sent to speak to you and to tell you this good news. 20 And now you will be silent and not able to speak until the day this happens, because you did not believe my words, which will come true at their appointed time.”
21 Meanwhile, the people were waiting for Zechariah and wondering why he stayed so long in the temple. 22 When he came out, he could not speak to them. They realized he had seen a vision in the temple, for he kept making signs to them but remained unable to speak.
23 When his time of service was completed, he returned home. 24 After this his wife Elizabeth became pregnant and for five months remained in seclusion. 25 “The Lord has done this for me,” she said. “In these days he has shown his favor and taken away my disgrace among the people.”
The Birth of Jesus Foretold
26 In the sixth month of Elizabeth’s pregnancy, God sent the angel Gabriel to Nazareth, a town in Galilee, 27 to a virgin pledged to be married to a man named Joseph, a descendant of David. The virgin’s name was Mary. 28 The angel went to her and said, “Greetings, you who are highly favored! The Lord is with you.”
29 Mary was greatly troubled at his words and wondered what kind of greeting this might be. 30 But the angel said to her, “Do not be afraid, Mary; you have found favor with God. 31 You will conceive and give birth to a son, and you are to call him Jesus. 32 He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David, 33 and he will reign over Jacob’s descendants forever; his kingdom will never end.”
34 “How will this be,” Mary asked the angel, “since I am a virgin?”
35 The angel answered, “The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called[b] the Son of God. 36 Even Elizabeth your relative is going to have a child in her old age, and she who was said to be unable to conceive is in her sixth month. 37 For no word from God will ever fail.”
38 “I am the Lord’s servant,” Mary answered. “May your word to me be fulfilled.” Then the angel left her.
Mary Visits Elizabeth
39 At that time Mary got ready and hurried to a town in the hill country of Judea, 40 where she entered Zechariah’s home and greeted Elizabeth. 41 When Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped in her womb, and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit. 42 In a loud voice she exclaimed: “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the child you will bear! 43 But why am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? 44 As soon as the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby in my womb leaped for joy. 45 Blessed is she who has believed that the Lord would fulfill his promises to her!”
Mary’s Song
46 And Mary said:
“My soul glorifies the Lord
47 and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior,
48 for he has been mindful
of the humble state of his servant.
From now on all generations will call me blessed,
49 for the Mighty One has done great things for me—
holy is his name.
50 His mercy extends to those who fear him,
from generation to generation.
51 He has performed mighty deeds with his arm;
he has scattered those who are proud in their inmost thoughts.
52 He has brought down rulers from their thrones
but has lifted up the humble.
53 He has filled the hungry with good things
but has sent the rich away empty.
54 He has helped his servant Israel,
remembering to be merciful
55 to Abraham and his descendants forever,
just as he promised our ancestors.”56 Mary stayed with Elizabeth for about three months and then returned home.
The Birth of John the Baptist
57 When it was time for Elizabeth to have her baby, she gave birth to a son. 58 Her neighbors and relatives heard that the Lord had shown her great mercy, and they shared her joy.
59 On the eighth day they came to circumcise the child, and they were going to name him after his father Zechariah, 60 but his mother spoke up and said, “No! He is to be called John.”
61 They said to her, “There is no one among your relatives who has that name.”
62 Then they made signs to his father, to find out what he would like to name the child. 63 He asked for a writing tablet, and to everyone’s astonishment he wrote, “His name is John.” 64 Immediately his mouth was opened and his tongue set free, and he began to speak, praising God. 65 All the neighbors were filled with awe, and throughout the hill country of Judea people were talking about all these things. 66 Everyone who heard this wondered about it, asking, “What then is this child going to be?” For the Lord’s hand was with him.
Zechariah’s Song
67 His father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied:
68 “Praise be to the Lord, the God of Israel,
because he has come to his people and redeemed them.
69 He has raised up a horn[c] of salvation for us
in the house of his servant David
70 (as he said through his holy prophets of long ago),
71 salvation from our enemies
and from the hand of all who hate us—
72 to show mercy to our ancestors
and to remember his holy covenant,
73 the oath he swore to our father Abraham:
74 to rescue us from the hand of our enemies,
and to enable us to serve him without fear
75 in holiness and righteousness before him all our days.76 And you, my child, will be called a prophet of the Most High;
for you will go on before the Lord to prepare the way for him,
77 to give his people the knowledge of salvation
through the forgiveness of their sins,
78 because of the tender mercy of our God,
by which the rising sun will come to us from heaven
79 to shine on those living in darkness
and in the shadow of death,
to guide our feet into the path of peace.”80 And the child grew and became strong in spirit[d]; and he lived in the wilderness until he appeared publicly to Israel.
3 comments:
I think the reason there's so much anti-Jewish sentiment among so many Christians is because they know (whether or not they're aware of it) that they took another religion--Judaism--and co-opted it, saying "this is ours, but it's only the FIRST part of the story." The gospels cobbled together a bunch of contradictory nonsense based on pagan precursors and another people's book (i.e., the Torah) and said, alternatively, "You have to follow the law" and "You don't have to follow the law."
By the way, if you look online, there are any number of poorly educated voices to insist that Christianity is NOT based on pagan religions and traditions. But there are far more scholarly sources that show that it clearly is, including the divine impregnation of a woman to give birth to a divine being. Anyway ... as we've clearly seen over the past two years, whether it's Judaism or Christianity, it's all nonsense--but the nonsense of Judaism is of a totally different nature from the air-headed gobbledygook of Christianity, because Judaism embodies a scholarly tradition and a highly practical, strictly enforced way of life. Christianity isn't a way of life--it's a nice sounding, nonsensical story.
You had me going until the end. Jews are not monolithic -- they follow many different ways of life. And I certainly wouldn't say that Jewish orthodoxy is practical. You can't push elevator buttons on the Sabbath? Some Christians also build their way of life around the religion, but as with Judaism, they do so in many different ways. And the Talmudic scholarly tradition is, as you yourself imply, all nonsense. So why is that valuable? Truth is not found in ancient scrolls, it's found out in the universe, which speaks for itself if we only learn how to listen.
Sorry, I somehow forgot to ID myself with the first comment ... anyway, thanks for printing it. Your point is well taken. I'm simply stating that there are a zillion (well, 613) highly specific "dos" and "don'ts" in the Torah, followed by so many more specific interpretations in the Talmud. In this regard, Judaism is a highly PRACTICAL religion, and a scholarly one that's conducive to literacy and leaning, neither of which characteristics apply to the Christian canon. And again, the hubris of Christianity in co-opting Judaism (Islam does this to some extent as well) is repugnant.
The proscriptions may in some cases seem preposterous (e.g., your example of the elevator--indeed, 39 specific types of "work," including ripping paper or tying shoes, are proscribed on the Sabbath), but again, the strict way of life embodied by Judaism in its orthodox form has held a people together over millennia, no small feat :-) That's what's valuable in Judaism: its cohesion and unique proposition of an eternal people. Yes, Jews themselves are not monolithic--but according to tradition, just as "god is one," so are the Jewish people. And that is unique.
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